Licensing

licensing

Great Reads

Open Source .NET License Tool, EasyLicense !

by LoveJenny

EasyLicense is an open-source license tool for .NET applications.

Best Licensing Software for .NET Professionals

by Steve Naidamast

If you are a software developer creating products for sale, one of the things you have to consider is how you intend to license your software. Given that there are many licensing options available, this can be a rather difficult decision to make.

A Ready to Use Software Licensing Solution in C#

by TonyTonyQ

One kind of solution for software licensing using digital signature, which is implemented in C#

Licensing systems in .NET

by Artem Los

Three different algorithms for constructing licensing systems, their advantages and disadvantages using C#.NET environment.

Latest Articles

Open Source .NET License Tool, EasyLicense !

by LoveJenny

EasyLicense is an open-source license tool for .NET applications.

A Ready to Use Software Licensing Solution in C#

by TonyTonyQ

One kind of solution for software licensing using digital signature, which is implemented in C#

Best Licensing Software for .NET Professionals

by Steve Naidamast

If you are a software developer creating products for sale, one of the things you have to consider is how you intend to license your software.

Best Licensing Software for .NET Professionals

by Steve Naidamast

All Articles

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Licensing

Open Source .NET License Tool, EasyLicense !

5 Jul 2017 by LoveJenny

EasyLicense is an open-source license tool for .NET applications.

.NET

licensing

Best Licensing Software for .NET Professionals

17 Sep 2015 by Steve Naidamast

.NET

licensing

Open source Legal Advice

7 Sep 2013 by Zoltán Zörgő

Well, I am confused, since what you are talking about seems not open source to me. But from what you wrote, you have nothing to fear about. You could even sell your product. The Express editions are free of charge to build your app and to deploy - you can't sell them, thus you can't charge for...

How do i licence my c# app?

17 Dec 2013 by Abhinav S

A couple of paid services could help you do this -http://ellipter.com/[^]http://www.simplesoftwarelicensing.com/[^]

licensing

Access to Registry Key Denied

3 May 2014 by OriginalGriff

You cannot access the registry for writing without admin rights - this was a deliberate security change made with the release of Vista, as a result of the abuse which the registry got in previous versions, and the damage a rogue program could do. You can access it for read without problems.I...

licensing

How to make make secure licensing for my C# windows application?

16 Jun 2020 by Maciej Los

Please, read this: A Ready To Use Software Licensing Solution in C#[^]

licensing

What license is implied if an article does not specify a license

22 Mar 2011 by #realJSOP

It's CPOL. The descriptions of each license are found here:License Descriptions[^]

licensing

How to license my own program?

30 Mar 2011 by #realJSOP

Pointless exercise. 0) MAC address can be spoofed, and what if there is no active NIC card in the box, or the machine has a number of NIX cards that could be in use at any given time?1) Processor ID merelu identifies the capabilities of the CPU. No unique.2) Hard drive ID changes...

.NET

licensing

open source license manager

1 May 2011 by ambarishtv

I got itApplication Trial Maker[^]

Term of use/Policy for a website

10 Mar 2012 by Sergey Alexandrovich Kryukov

Usually such licenses contain the terms of using the licenses themselves. Just read them. Usually you can use them. By the way, CodeProject contains a reference page on the default set of licenses offered to the authors of articles. Please...

HTML

BSD

licensing

Help ME about license

8 Jun 2012 by OriginalGriff

The way I read the CPOL Licence[^] is that you may use the code, provided you comply with all notices, copyrights, etc., but I see not restriction requiring you to publish the source code to your application because a part of it contains code sourced under the CPOL terms. However, one clause...

Inherit a class from library which is under LGPL license . is that OK ?

4 Nov 2012 by Andreas Gieriet

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License[^].The challenge: a customer must be enabled to replace your delivered LGLP based library by his own one. This is for example technically not fully given for languages that do inline code from the LGPL library (e.g. templates...

inheritance

licensing

DLL

The Code Project Open License

24 Nov 2013 by CHill60

Go to http://www.codeproject.com/info/cpol10.aspx[^] for details of the licence

licensing

CPOL and commercial use

24 Jan 2014 by Ron Beyer

Since the blog post you referenced is much older than the CPOL license, I feel pretty comfortable saying that there is no problem using CPOL licensed components in a commercial product, it even says so in the first part of the license.The license does not have an attribution clause, so I...

licensing

Adding date Information to the registry and retrieving it

8 May 2014 by OriginalGriff

First off, don't use the registry.The registry in Vista and above need admin access to modify, so every time you call SetNewDate you app will require UAE access, and this can only get more rigid in future versions.Instead, create a licence file and store it somewhere more accessible: Where...

licensing

DateTime

is it ok to copy code from this site and paste it on my site

13 May 2014 by Sergey Alexandrovich Kryukov

Please see the licenses used and pay attention for the license indicated on each article: http://www.codeproject.com/info/Licenses.aspx[^].As a minimum, you should use the content responsibly, accurately, and provide accurate and clearly visible attribution of the source material and its...

SEO

licensing

What are the applicable license terms of tdifuncs.c?

17 Jun 2015 by ZurdoDev

No. But wherever you got the code from should be able to answer you.

licensing

Licence Key

29 Nov 2010 by Sandeep Mewara

There are different ways to achieve this1) encrypted license files that contains the expiry dates etc.2) encrypted license keys held in the registry3) challenge/response mechanism which require an internet connection4) probably others.......Try: License Key Generation[^] or: How...

VB6

licensing

installer

Licensing Solution

2 Jan 2011 by LogicNP

CryptoLicensin...

licensing

GNU GPL LICENSE

16 Jan 2011 by Estys

In essence no, you can't.http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.html#GPLInProprietarySystem[^]A quote :"A system incorporating a GPL-covered program is an extended version of that program. The GPL says that any extended version of the program must be released under the...

licensing

How to license my own program?

30 Mar 2011 by Kschuler

I had a similar requirement for a project and felt equally unsure about it. I ended up using several numbers because of NULLS or empty values just like you mentioned. I use the motherboard serial number, the BIOS serial number, and the UUID. I hash them all together with SHA2 to make it one...

.NET

licensing

Rob Harwood contact for license details

19 Jul 2011 by JOAT-MON

It is in the discussion at the bottom of the page: License for Thunder Measurement Unit Conversion Framework[^]If you have further questions regarding his license, click on either Reply or Email at the bottom of his post.

licensing

What license to use?

10 Feb 2012 by Sergey Alexandrovich Kryukov

Please overview a set of licenses listed here:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_licences[^].See...

licensing

Details on obtaining Licence and code hosting

21 Jun 2012 by Tim Corey

You don't need to register your code with GNU or Creative Commons. Instad, you just declare your code to be under one of those agreements. This is not a physical protection method like having a license key on your application would be. Instead, this just declares what you are and are not...

licensing

Proper usage of the CPOL

13 Jul 2012 by Richard MacCutchan

Post your question here[^] and one of the administrators will be able to guide you.

licensing

legal

Inherit a class from library which is under LGPL license . is that OK ?

4 Nov 2012 by Valery Possoz

Hello.You are asking a very tricky question and it is quite hard to give an answer, but it seems that what you want to do is ok.According to the wikipedia article on LGPL:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License[^]The non-(L)GPLed program can then be...

inheritance

licensing

DLL

Rhino software licensing

3 Nov 2013 by Garth J Lancaster

true, but hey, you're getting something for free, rather than paying for a fully commercial system, so, really ?To do what you want, you need a lot more sophistication - part of the license key/document could be a 'machine-id', and periodically you could have the client software check that...

WPF

licensing

Rhino software licensing

3 Nov 2013 by bbirajdar

In this case, you can keep a track of online activation. Whenever a licence is used, keep the count of number of licences activated with the particular key.In the same way, update the count whenever the product is uninstalled. Provide a licence removal tool for the users if necessary.

WPF

licensing

What is the CVS library license?

30 Apr 2014 by Manas Bhardwaj

This is quite an old article on CP and that might be the reason that it does not have a license linked to it.You can read more about the general license terms here:http://www.codeproject.com/info/Licenses.aspx[^]

licensing

License manager for DLLs sold to developers, but free runtime libraries for users.

28 Jun 2014 by Dave Kreskowiak

Even the big vendors have given up on the licensing garbage. They just charge about $999 per developer and hand over the library. There's no license manager required and no changes to the code required to deploy to the clients.

.NET

licensing

Purchase MSDN License for ASP.net and Sharepoint

4 Nov 2014 by Manas Bhardwaj

For development on SharePoint, you need either Visual Studio with Premium or Ultimate Subscription for MSDN.Please see details here:http://www.visualstudio.com/en-us/products/msdn-subscriptions-vs[^]And note that these subscriptions do not allow you to run production environments but...

SharePoint

licensing

How product key works?

31 Mar 2015 by CPallini

How does Google work[^]?

licensing

Using TortoiseSVN with developer licence files

16 Nov 2015 by Sergey Alexandrovich Kryukov

I would do all the development on some special development versions not using license files at all. If assembly signing is involved, you could also use delayed signing (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/t07a3dye%28v=vs.110%29.aspx).In the Subversion code database, you should store...

SVN

TortoiseSVN

licensing

App license could not be verified

1 Apr 2016 by ZurdoDev

1. Verifyed is spelled wrong so that is weird.2. This site is for coding questions and you have a technical support issue.3. Since this deal with licenses you may very well have to go to Microsoft directly.4. I suggest opening a support issue with Microsoft or in a Tech Support forum.

SharePoint2013

licensing

Validating licenses when importing DLL's with MEF, .NET C#

22 Apr 2017 by bling

Understand than ANY approach you take is vulnerable to reverse engineering. The most you can hope for is to make it difficult but not impossible for someone to break your licensing mechanism. The best way to enforce licensing is to run everything on a server - forcing the clients to connect to...

.NET

MEF

licensing

Question for free using as a one worker

4 Apr 2018 by OriginalGriff

The answer is almost certainly "yes" if you got the software from an article on this site; however, this is the wrong place to ask. There are tens of thousands of articles on the site, by thousands of authors, and they do not all have the same licence conditions So, don't post this under Quick...

licensing

Software licence for feeware and opensource project

8 Oct 2018 by OriginalGriff

We do not do your homework: it is set for a reason. It is there so that you think about what you have been told, and try to understand it. It is also there so that your tutor can identify areas where you are weak, and focus more attention on remedial action. Just posting up your homework...

A question about the CPOL license

28 Jan 2019 by OriginalGriff

You'd probably have to ask an expert: the way I'd do it is to ask this question exactly in the forum at the bottom of the article page. The author can then decide if that was his intent, and if he specifically says "go right ahead" then you are covered. If he says "No way José!" then you also...

licensing

C#: how to implement a simple licence key / call checklicence()

21 May 2019 by OriginalGriff

No. C# will not call anything automatically for you - you have to explicitly tell it what you want to call, and when. You could always add a secondary thread task that checks it periodically, and responds to the main thread with a "failed" indicator that it can process instead?

licensing

C#: how to implement a simple licence key / call checklicence()

24 May 2019 by RickZeeland

You could have a look at AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming): GitHub - Virtuoze/NConcern: NConcern .NET AOP Framework[^] But you might find it's too complicated for what you want ... Another option is using the well known PostSharp extension: PostSharp - Visual Studio Marketplace[^]

licensing

How to find unique ID/code (can not be changed) for each device ?

27 Oct 2019 by Kornfeld Eliyahu Peter

If you really want to uniquely identify a computer you have to collect info on all hardware and somehow combine that into a single code... However this method is extremely problematic from the point of view of the end user... For instance the upgrade of a HDD will break the license (see...

How to make make secure licensing for my C# windows application?

16 Jun 2020 by OriginalGriff

Pretty much the only way to do that is by having your app communicate with a server via the internet and validate the licence - and that can get complicated for a beginner, so you are probably better off buying in a solution: CryptoLicensing For...

licensing

C#: how to implement a simple licence key / call checklicence()

2 Jun 2019 by Sni.DelWoods

Is there a way to call a CheckLicence() method automatically in every method of a static class? I have several static classes with hundreds of methods. So a global licence check would be more comfortable than calling the CheckLicence() method in every class method. Explanation of the example:...

licensing

Attribution / License attachement for commercial projects (cpol)

12 Nov 2010 by Peter7432

When releasing a commercial software project that uses several code project projects licensed under cpol: am I required by cpol to credit every autor and to include the cpol license in my software?Regards,Peter

licensing

Attribution / License attachement for commercial projects (cpol)

12 Nov 2010 by Richard MacCutchan

I'm not certain about this one, I suggest you post it in Site Bugs/Suggestions forum so Chris or one of the other CP gurus can answer it.

licensing

can we remove the copyright printed to screen

20 Nov 2010 by Sandeep Mewara

Well, best would thing would be to talk to the author of the article directly. You can reach the author by using message forum present at the end of the article. Futher, discussing the same with your lawyer can clarify further to avoid any legal hassle later.

licensing

licensing solution

30 Dec 2010 by Henry Minute

Use a search engine.If you come up with the correct search phrase you will find lots of solutions. There are even several in the Articles section of this site.

licensing

GNU GPL LICENSE

16 Jan 2011 by benodiz112

Hello,I am developing an android application.In this application I use a libary (jar) that I downloaded from the internet. This jar is open source under the "GNU General Public License v2". I tried to read this license on the offical site of GPL license, but I understood nothing.My...

licensing

GNU GPL LICENSE

16 Jan 2011 by OriginalGriff

"Thanks for the quick answer,what that mean:"if you can make it so that the libraries you use are seperate from your own code, you can use them".I think that the libary is seperate from my code, this close jar I don't changed the source code I just use the jar: send input and get...

licensing

The Code Project Open License (CPOL) 1.02

27 Jan 2011 by ezio2000

Sorry for my English, is not so good and I don't understand something about the licenseI have seen this project:Global Windows Hooks[^]and I would like to add the DLL to a project.The question are:-Can I change the name of the DLL, leaving obviously the original copyright,...

licensing

DLL

The Code Project Open License (CPOL) 1.02

27 Jan 2011 by thatraja

OP wrote:Can I change the name of the DLL, leaving obviously the original copyright, patent, trademark, and attribution notices that may appear in the Assembly Infos?Why do you want change the name of dll? Probably you need to ask the author of the dll for that.OP wrote:You write "You may...

licensing

DLL

The Code Project Open License (CPOL) 1.02

27 Jan 2011 by Yusuf

Are you taking the whole source code and building a binary (Dll)? or are you using some of the code?If you are using only the code, use the original author name and credit, and give the credit where credit is due. If you have credit's page, it is good to list it there.If you are using the...

licensing

DLL

How to license my own program?

30 Mar 2011 by FastMan696

You can try to use IntelliLock tools,It can solute your problem.

.NET

licensing

software distribution issues

13 Apr 2011 by musefan

Why does he want the code? If you are developing the application for him you should change extra for it to be full source code. You should also dictate if you are permitting him to sell on the application. Basically you should get him to sign an agreement of some sort as to what exactly he...

licensing

open source license manager

23 Apr 2011 by ambarishtv

Hi,I need a open source license manager for my windows application which runs in dot net frame work 3.5.Could any of you please give an infoThanks

How to create a trial version application ?

10 Jul 2011 by Salmen Essridi

I want to create a trial version application, for that I need to hide in the system some critical information like a license key or the number of remained days.My question is there any standard way to do this in C++?

C++

licensing

Rob Harwood contact for license details

19 Jul 2011 by charliecolester

How can I contact http://www.codeproject.com/Members/Rob-Harwoodto find out about the license for:Thunder Measurement Unit Conversion FrameworkThanksmember charliecolester

licensing

What licenese should I use for closed-source...

26 Jul 2011 by Thomas Mack

I designed a website and build custom software for a company. They want all the source code. Some of the source code is code I created for being reused on ALL my projects, and I really don't want this going out. What licensing could I use? I want to honor their request. I just don't want...

licensing

What licenese should I use for closed-source...

27 Jul 2011 by Manas Bhardwaj

As you said, you developed the software for them. This means you have been paid for it, and DO NOT own the intellectual property. In my opinion, you client can decide to do anything with the code.

licensing

CPOL Licensed binary file to be used in commercial application

14 Nov 2011 by Member 1487189

I would like to know if whether we can use CPOL licensed binary file / executable in a closed source commercial application?

licensing

CPOL Licensed binary file to be used in commercial application

14 Nov 2011 by Sergey Alexandrovich Kryukov

You can find out by reading the license itself: http://www.codeproject.com/info/cpol10.aspx[^].A license does not protect anything which is not mentioned in the text of this license, so…—SA

licensing

Putting license key to already created .NET setup file

2 Dec 2011 by suchit_kumar23

HiI have already created one .NET application and need to put license key type of thing to it. Pls anybody help.

.NET

licensing

Putting license key to already created .NET setup file

5 Dec 2011 by Kschuler

There are a lot of different ways to license a product. Try looking through the CodeProject[^] articles that have been written on the subject.

.NET

licensing

Putting license key to already created .NET setup file

5 Dec 2011 by RaviRanjanKr

Try msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms994395.aspx

.NET

licensing

Clause in the license agreement and its meaning

6 Dec 2011 by Member 8373778

The CPOL which was reference by the matrix library I am trying to use states the following...You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier for, this License with every copy of the Executable Files or Source Code You distribute and ensure that anyone receiving such Executable...

licensing

Clause in the license agreement and its meaning

6 Dec 2011 by OriginalGriff

Include the link to the entire CPOL in the licence agreement section of your setup project - that way the user can read your agreement, and link through to the CPOL to cover the code sections which are covered by that when he installs the software.That should be sufficient.

licensing

howto comply to ms-pl when distributing binaries

13 Dec 2011 by Member 4612522

what is "a license that complies with this license" in section 3D. how do I comply? " ... If you distribute any portion of the software in compiled or object code form, you may only do so under a license that complies with this license."I assume a statement like "MyApp.exe uses...

licensing

howto comply to ms-pl when distributing binaries

13 Dec 2011 by Philippe Mori

This article on CodeProject explain most common licences:http://www.codeproject.com/info/Licenses.aspx[^]Essentially, to answer you question, a licence that comply with their licence mean that your application licence must conform to their licence. That is you cannot have a clause in...

licensing

What license to use?

10 Feb 2012 by ed welch

I am planning to release an open source tool. I want to allow third party's to include the tool in commercial products, but force them to display credit to the author of the tool (i.e. the "about" dialog box which must not be removed).Does anyone know of a existing license that would cover...

licensing

What license to use?

13 Feb 2012 by ed welch

I finally found it. The BSD 2-Clause License is the one I'm looking for. Short and easy to understand

licensing

Code distribution when no license is provided

2 Mar 2012 by derekbh

The code for the Password TextBox component provided by Code Project at ASP.NET Password TextBox[^] says that "This article has no explicit license...". Even after downloading the code, it does not contain any text with any license type. It is right to assume that this piece of code can be...

licensing

Code distribution when no license is provided

2 Mar 2012 by Sergey Alexandrovich Kryukov

The article "ASP.NET Password TextBox" says:If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below.This is exactly what you want to do. Locate the section "Comments and Discussions" at the end, hit "New Message" and ask the author, who will receive e-mail notification and will get...

licensing

Term of use/Policy for a website

10 Mar 2012 by aidin Tajadod

Hi Guys,Sorry I am not sure if here is the right place to ask this question!I am developing a free website which generates some codes. I am looking for a "Term of use" and "Policy" for my website.my question is can I use one of those existing licence? for ex (BSD,GPL or ...)Do you...

HTML

BSD

licensing

i want to known about cpol license

7 Jun 2012 by qsmy123

can i add a project which has a cpol license to my own projectwithout publish source code?(i will change the project which has a cpol license)

licensing

i want to known about cpol license

7 Jun 2012 by Manas Bhardwaj

I guess so. Look at this:http://www.codeproject.com/info/cpol10.aspx[^]Read the Restrictions Section.

licensing

Help ME about license

8 Jun 2012 by qsmy123

Can i add a project which has a CPOL license to my own projectwithout publishing my own source code? (I will change the source code of the project which has a cpol license)

Details on obtaining Licence and code hosting

21 Jun 2012 by dibcoder

I have got couple of doubts to clear before I become a regular member of Codeproject1.I have read about the licencing part but my doubt is suppose I want to get any of my code licensed then will I have to do it separately by registering with GNU or Creative Commons or do I just need to...

licensing

Proper usage of the CPOL

12 Jul 2012 by Kevin 1233412

Hi,I am considering using code from an article that uses the CPOL license. I would be compiling the source code into my commercial application executable, not distributing it directly. However, if I do this it's not clear to me what I would need to do to conform to section 5.e of the...

licensing

legal

Proper usage of the CPOL

13 Jul 2012 by Kevin 1233412

Thanks Richard, I copied the question over there.Regards,Kevin

licensing

legal

CPOL license conditions

14 Aug 2012 by Barbara Evans

I'm told by my Legal department that the conditions in point 7 of the license are unacceptable to them. As a result I cannot use the code. How do I contact the author of WPF TreeListView Control to discuss if we can reach some arrangement on the wording of the license?

licensing

CPOL license conditions

14 Aug 2012 by OriginalGriff

If you got the code from an article, then there is a "new message" button at the bottom of that article, which causes an email to be sent to the author. They are then alerted that you wish to speak to them.Posting this here relies on them "dropping by" and realising it is for them.

licensing

Need help with reading .lic file

21 Aug 2012 by Christian Amado

My advice is that you must use hashed data in your .lic. Because if you can decrypt the encrypted data anyone can decrypt it. So, you have a security issue there.Remember that in silverlight isn't recommendable to read file from client PC. May be this class help you in server & client...

Silverlight

RIA

licensing

CPOL 1.02 - request calrification of sublicense prohibition

26 Oct 2012 by Member 9549148

I note that you already made a rev to clarify that the larger work incorporating the Work can be sold/rented/etc. But that clarification does not include "sublicense". May I sublicense the larger work that incorporates the Work?

licensing

CPOL 1.02 - request calrification of sublicense prohibition

26 Oct 2012 by Sandeep Mewara

Sounds like you want to post/ask this question to CP admins. If so, please post your query here: http://www.codeproject.com/Forums/1645/Site-Bugs-Suggestions.aspx[^]

licensing

Inherit a class from library which is under LGPL license . is that OK ?

4 Nov 2012 by Member 8061245

Hello everyone .I have a library which is under LGPL license .And want my application to be a closed-source and commercial project .So i will not modify the original LGPL library's code ,But i will link the LGPL lib (via DLL file) and then inherit it's main class to a new one from my...

inheritance

licensing

DLL

Licensing for code project submission

27 Nov 2012 by RovenetBill

Your document doesn't discuss what license notice I should put on my code. I want it to be free for reuse, but credited to me in the source code and to disclaim any liability for damages that may result from such reuse. Please advise as to what my options are. Thanks in advance.

licensing

Licensing for code project submission

27 Nov 2012 by OriginalGriff

See here: http://www.codeproject.com/info/Licenses.aspx[^] (it's linked to via the Submission Guidelines[^] document from the Articles menu)

licensing

[SPAM] TV Spam; please remove the OP account

16 Dec 2012 by WebMaster

http://freesoccertv1.blogspot.com/2012/12/barcelona-vs-atletico-madrid-live.html[^]http://freesoccertv1.blogspot.com/2012/12/barcelona-vs-atletico-madrid-live.html[^]http://freesoccertv1.blogspot.com/2012/12/barcelona-vs-atletico-madrid-live.html[^]http://freesoccertv1.blogspot....

licensing

[SPAM] TV Spam; please remove the OP account

16 Dec 2012 by WebMaster

http://livetv2pc.com/watch-bar...

licensing

[SPAM] TV Spam; please remove the OP account

16 Dec 2012 by WebMaster

http://tinyurl.com/ccf24nv[^]http://tinyurl.com/ccf24nv[^]http://tinyurl.com/ccf24nv[^]http://tinyurl.com/ccf24nv[^]http://tinyurl.com/ccf24nv[^]http://tinyurl.com/ccf24nv[^]...............................

licensing

What would you recommend to do me for licensing ?

9 Jan 2013 by thoahn

I will sell components for .Net , and i need to protect my product. In your opinion, what should i do?

licensing

CPOL rules need help

11 Mar 2013 by Member 9898827

Hi there is rule in the CPOL:Source Code and Executable Files can be used in commercial applications;Source Code and Executable Files can be redistributed; andSource Code can be modified to create derivative works.No claim of suitability, guarantee, or any warranty whatsoever is...

licensing

programming