I think this will do it:
SELECT parent,
count(*) AS [Count]
FROM dbo.[mytable]
GROUP BY parent
HAVING COUNT(Parent) > 1
UPDATE ================================
;WITH cte AS
(
SELECT parent,
SUM(1) AS quantity
FROM dbo.[parents]
GROUP BY parent
)
SELECT a.parent,
MAX(CASE WHEN b.quantity=1 THEN a.item ELSE 'Multiple' END) AS Item
FROM dbo.[parents] AS a
FULL JOIN cte AS b ON b.parent = a.parent
GROUP BY a.parent
ORDER BY a.parent