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George_George wrote: What is the purpose of virtual destructor? If currently, no derived class?
If your class is meant to be derived from and used in a polimorphic manner (a base pointer to a derived class' object), virtual destructor is a must.
On the other hand, if the class is a "concrete type" that is never meant to be derived from, virtual destructor is not required.
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Thanks Nemanja,
I think you mean if the destructor is virtual, then if we delete an object of derived class through based class pointer, then the derived class destructor is invoked? Right?
If the destructor is non-virtual, then if we delete an object of derived class through based class pointer, then the base class destructor is invoked? Right?
regards,
George
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Rather than ask these basic questions, why don't you spend five minutes with the debugger to see what gets called when. That will hopefully solve all of your mysteries.
"Normal is getting dressed in clothes that you buy for work and driving through traffic in a car that you are still paying for, in order to get to the job you need to pay for the clothes and the car and the house you leave vacant all day so you can afford to live in it." - Ellen Goodman
"To have a respect for ourselves guides our morals; to have deference for others governs our manners." - Laurence Sterne
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just a question, how old are you ?
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George_George wrote: If the destructor is non-virtual, then if we delete an object of derived class through based class pointer, then the base class destructor is invoked? Right?
Strictly speaking, if you do that, it will result in undefined behavior, which means that different compilers may do different things.
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Thanks Nemanja,
I think deleting object from base class pointer is common in C++ code, and if you think the approach has potential issues, could you describe what do you think is the best practices please?
regards,
George
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Have a good day
for Borland C++ Builder 6, setup for windows
how can i find the files(my program needs them) which doesnt exists on the other computers for setup.
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I am programming with VC++, and I wanted to check it out too. Someone recommended me to use the "dependancy walker" and in my case wored very good.
Greetings.
--------
M.D.V.
If something has a solution... Why do we have to worry about?. If it has no solution... For what reason do we have to worry about?
Help me to understand what I'm saying, and I'll explain it better to you
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Have a good day
thanks for your interest
i work on the depen. walker and trying to understatnd.,
i couldnt find the files
could you help me how to use the depen. walker
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Hi all,
the other day someone asked about intializing a buffer (this post)[^]).
Today I have had more or less the same problem, but with a pointer. The case is:
I have a fixed area of data available to write data in a PLC, but the data itself can be variable (Area = 4096 Bytes, data = [64 ~ 4096]). The length depends on the actual project opened in the application. As the data in the PLC are permanent and a project may be shorter than another, I want to ensure empty values in the rest of the destiny that are over the length of the actual project. (I hope you can understand what I mean).
With a normal buffer like in the post of the other day is:
BYTE Buffer [BUF_LENGTH] = {0};
but a pointer created with new is fulled of "I" = 240 = 0xCD. As I want to have "0", I am now using:
nBufLength = nTotalArea - nValidWrittenData;
BYTE* pBuffer = NULL;
pBuffer = new BYTE [nBufLength];
for (int i = 0; i < nBufLength; i++)
*(pBuffer + i) = 0;
Which other possibilities can I use / do you recommend to write "0" in the whole buffer?
-- modified at 7:18 Thursday 18th October, 2007
Greetings.
--------
M.D.V.
If something has a solution... Why do we have to worry about?. If it has no solution... For what reason do we have to worry about?
Help me to understand what I'm saying, and I'll explain it better to you
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there's also ZeroMemory and memset, but they do the same thing your for loop does.
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Thanks.
Greetings.
--------
M.D.V.
If something has a solution... Why do we have to worry about?. If it has no solution... For what reason do we have to worry about?
Help me to understand what I'm saying, and I'll explain it better to you
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Paranoid people like me tend to use SecureZeroMemory[^], "as the compiler can optimize a call to ZeroMemory by removing it entirely".
Makes me think of this article: Optimization: Your Worst Enemy[^]
cheers!
mykel
OMM: "Let us be thankful we have an occupation to fill. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy."
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SecureZeroMemory(...) should not really be used for first initialization of a buffer, because if you use memset(...) right before you use the buffer, the call to memset(...) will not be optimized away.
You use SecureZeroMemory(...) in situations where you are clearing a buffer AFTER its use. For example, if you decode/decrypt something into a buffer, and you want to make sure that the plaintext is not lying around in memory somewhere so you clear the buffer before deallocating it (or exiting the function).
It is situations where the last thing you do to the buffer is call memset(...) on it where it can get optimized away.
Peace!
-=- James Please rate this message - let me know if I helped or not!<HR>If you think it costs a lot to do it right, just wait until you find out how much it costs to do it wrong!
Avoid driving a vehicle taller than you and remember that Professional Driver on Closed Course does not mean your Dumb Ass on a Public Road!
See DeleteFXPFiles
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You're right, it should definitely be used for clearing e.g. passwords from memory.
But where did you get the info that an initial memset(...) / ZeroMemory(...) is never optimized away? Furthermore I cannot see any info on MSDN that it's a no-go to do the first initialization with SecureZeroMemory(...). Just a speed issue - saving 42 CPU cycles?
cheers!
mykel
OMM: "Let us be thankful we have an occupation to fill. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy."
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The optimization that can remove the last memset(...) is based on whether or not the memory being memset(...) is ever read after being written to (by memset(...)).
In cases of initialization, you can safely use memset(...) because you will be reading the memory at some point after the initial call to memset(...) (well, at least you would be in general).
By using memset(...) to clear after use, when you are all done with the memory, if you do not read from that memory again, the optimizer assumes that if you never read what you wrote, you did not need to write it, and can optimize away the call.
Cycle counting only makes sense when you know your target hardware. Without knowing the actual differences in what SecureZeroMemory(...) actually has to do behind the scenes (e.g. does it have to read each and every byte/32-bit value it writes to), it is safer to assume that if you do not need the assurances that it provides, you do not need to use the function.
Peace!
-=- James Please rate this message - let me know if I helped or not!<HR>If you think it costs a lot to do it right, just wait until you find out how much it costs to do it wrong!
Avoid driving a vehicle taller than you and remember that Professional Driver on Closed Course does not mean your Dumb Ass on a Public Road!
See DeleteFXPFiles
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Makes perfectly sense... thanks for the answer! ![Rose | [Rose]](https://codeproject.global.ssl.fastly.net/script/Forums/Images/rose.gif)
No FUD anymore when initializing memory!
But tell me one more thing: Is this behavior your personal experience or where did you get that deep knowledge of code optimization?
cheers!
mykel
OMM: "Let us be thankful we have an occupation to fill. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy."
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This kind of knowledge and wisdom is based on what I have learned, what I have done, and both together.
Most of my professional development has been with server-side development for financial-related products, so I learned very quickly that the stuff you get away with on the client side just does not cut it on the server side. Taking .5 seconds longer than necessary to do something when the market is moving away from you can cost real $$$ in the real world.
So I spend much of my professional development life researching things like CPU architecture and code-level optimization techniques so that when milliseconds count, people can count on me.
Peace!
-=- James Please rate this message - let me know if I helped or not!<HR>If you think it costs a lot to do it right, just wait until you find out how much it costs to do it wrong!
Avoid driving a vehicle taller than you and remember that Professional Driver on Closed Course does not mean your Dumb Ass on a Public Road!
See DeleteFXPFiles
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Kudos! Keep on rocking!
What's making CodeProject so precious are experts like you! I mean real experts. Not those C# experts (if you feel insulted, insert VB) who think they are experts because they don't know anything else.
cheers!
mykel
OMM: "Let us be thankful we have an occupation to fill. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy."
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memset(...) will be a better alternative because it is optimized - setting individual bytes to zero is slower than setting 32-bit units to zero(on a 32-bit system). memset(...) should walk the buffer byte-by-byte until it gets to a 32-bit boundary and will then increase its stride to 32-bit (4 bytes) units till it gets to the end (slowing back to byte-by-byte if neccessary if the end of the buffer is not on a 32-bit boundary).
As an aside, using the bracket notation may produce better performance than manually calculating a pointer offset as aliasing can hinder optimization:
for (int i = 0; i < nBufLength; i++)
{
pBuffer[ i ] = 0;
} Oh, and BTW - the buffer is filled with those 0xCD characters only in debug builds. In release builds, and in the absence of any memory-allocation utility/library being used, that memory may be filled with random garbage. I only mention this because I have actually seen developers look for the debugger-specific values in a buffer to try to determine if uninitialized memory is being used, or if they are off the beginning or end of a buffer (!!:wtf:!!).
Peace!
-=- James Please rate this message - let me know if I helped or not!<HR>If you think it costs a lot to do it right, just wait until you find out how much it costs to do it wrong!
Avoid driving a vehicle taller than you and remember that Professional Driver on Closed Course does not mean your Dumb Ass on a Public Road!
See DeleteFXPFiles
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Thanks for both answers. I have learned someting new.
End result is:
nBufLength = nTotalArea - nValidWrittenData;
BYTE* pBuffer = NULL;
pBuffer = new BYTE [nBufLength];
memset (pBuffer, 0, nBufLength);
Greetings.
--------
M.D.V.
If something has a solution... Why do we have to worry about?. If it has no solution... For what reason do we have to worry about?
Help me to understand what I'm saying, and I'll explain it better to you
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Dear Experts,
I am writing one simple win32 application for collecting " Wireless network
adapter Device change events like Arrival/removal/disable etc.." .
For this i want to register the Device Interface GUID using
RegisterDeviceNotification(...) function and by using WM_DEVICECHAGE message i
will receive all notofications.
Please can any one tell me what is the "Wireless network adapter Interface GUID"
that i should use.
And if any alternative is there please let me know.
Thanks in Advance,
Are
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Hello friends,
1.I am facing one small problem in socket programming, my client is in c (visual studio)and client is in VB.when i am sending data from client it is sending 81 byte string (correct data)on reciever end some unwanted data(ìÿ¼³W|l) it is also appending in the correct data.
2.One more problem is that because client is sending at the fast rate data is accumulated on reciever end if the buffer size is greater(e.g.260) then correct data size(81) and after 3-4 string of correct data that unwanted data (ìÿ¼³W|l)is appending at the end.
If anyone have any solution to this problem plz suggest me the solution
Lalit Aggarwal
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laggraw wrote: on reciever end some unwanted data(ìÿ¼³W|l) it is also appending in the correct data
Set the receiving buffer to zero or append a null('\0') charecter at the end the receiving data. the end can be found out by the return value of the recv function.
Hope it will help you..
Do your Duty and Don't expect the Result
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Actually problem is not so simple, our client is in VB where we declare on string type variable and we are appending the structure in the vairbel e.g. 10 times then send the data.This dat may vary between 76 to 83 bytes.
On client side we delared the a buffer of 512 byte, which is already declared in the orginal code,the data which are coming from client side is accumulating in the buffer before we read it from it.
So what we did for this problem we just filled rest of the space of buffer with some extra character and on receiver side we are taking correct data upto that extra character.But one new problem we are facing in this approach that sometimes data is coming between extra character
like
correct data format
8172646124975975570950098908**********************************************
unwanted/corrupted data
************************45667*********************************************
so i am not able to understand why this data coming in between the extra character.
Thanx
Lalit Aggarwal
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