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// CommandLine.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm> // for 'std::rotate' and 'std::copy'
#include <iterator> // for 'ostream_iterator'
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
int *pOnePastEnd = numbers + sizeof(numbers)/sizeof(numbers[0]);
cout << "Before rotate:" << endl;
copy(numbers, pOnePastEnd, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "));
cout << endl;
// Rotate left.
rotate(numbers, numbers+1, pOnePastEnd);
cout << "After rotate left:" << endl;
copy(numbers, pOnePastEnd, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "));
cout << endl;
// Rotate right.
rotate(numbers, pOnePastEnd-1, pOnePastEnd);
cout << "After rotate right:" << endl;
copy(numbers, pOnePastEnd, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "));
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Steve
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Thank you all for all the responses.. much appreciated..
I think i'll go with Arun's method of changing the index. Steve, i got a question.. how do i know about the functions in a library? dumb question, sorry! but not evrything is mentioned in the documentation. oh, yeah and thanks for the code...
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I read a book on the STL. You could also look through the <algorithm> header file. C++ programmers should get acquainted with STL. I also recommend studying the Boost libraries.
Steve
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will do.... thanks man. I've just started with C++. from engineering days, am used to matlab.. but i think its always good to add other languages too..
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Sorry to butt in here, but I'd recommend the book "The C++ Standard Template Library: A Tutorial and Reference" by Josuttis for exactly that purpose. There are several chapters you can skim and get a good sense pretty quickly as to what's in the STL, without being bored to tears.
It also has lots of good examples and discussions and things like that. I've looked into a couple books in the past, trying to do exactly what you're talking about, and that one towers over the rest, IMHO. Excellent stuff.
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There was a Project Meeting of the Star Wars Program (in the 80's) and the Project Manager stood up and said, I've got bad news about the Particle Beam Weapon. Our engineers calculate that the Particle Beam Weapon will require 10 to the 20th power watts, and we've only been able to supply 10 to the 10th power watts. So a member of the audience piped up, 'Hey great, we're half way there!'. Probably a lawyer.
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I have devised an infinite series based on the Golden Ratio which converges to ln(x) (natural logarithm. Can somone check my work and comment? I would like to know its origin. Is there a friendly grad student in a math department at some university who would be interested? thanks, Joeinorange2@aol.com
Joe Sharp
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Can you post it somewheres?
"Any sort of work in VB6 is bound to provide several WTF moments." - Christian Graus
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We can clearly see that the only sources of true
random numbers lie in nature. Nowhere else.
But then again, is nature truly random? or is God just joking with us? Let's say God
thinks and put numbers into nature. We then really need to analyze God's brain and
thinking patterns, because that's where the real generation algorithm will lie.
Various factors like emotions, mood, stress etc. will have to quantitatively dealt
with, and one will need to see how each of those factors relate to the numbers God
churns out into nature.
In a similar light, we ourselves are the true source of random numbers. When we
think of random numbers, they really are random. Truly random. And the functioning
of the human brain (how it related to the numbers we think of), is beyond the
analysis abilites of science today.
If that sounded crazy, let me assure you that I didn't intend it to. Just sharing some
honest thoughts, which you might assume has come from a mentally ill person.
ASP - AJAX is SEXY. PERIOD.
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There are some pretty random posts on these forums - I guess that if we hashed them then that would have to be random - or maybe it would make more sense!
Peter
"Until the invention of the computer, the machine gun was the device that enabled humans to make the most mistakes in the smallest amount of time."
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It's an interesting discussion, and to really get into it, you have to define what random means. Every physical system has various numbers attached to it, which are the things you can "measure" about that system. So a flying plane, for example, has numbers like "momentum", "position of the z axis", "acceleration", etc. Furthermore, these values aren't completely independent. If you know the "momentum" and "acceleration" at time 0, you can make a really good guess for the momentum at future times (with guesses for sooner times better than future times).
The implication would be that for a physical system, there is a "purely mathematical" part, that describes the abstract system. There is also a random part added in though. This implies that the physical system is somewhat random. So if the velocity of a falling block is 0 at time =0 and it's acceleration is -g, then you can make a solid guess as to the velocity at t=1.0 seconds -- it won't be random at all. However, if you factor out the mathematical part, you'll get a purely random part. So if, for instance, you expected the velocity at t=1 to equal -g meters/second, you could sample the actual velocity at t=1 and would get a Gaussian out.
In the real world, this particular example has a very strong physical/mathematical component and a very small random component. On the other hand, with various quantum mechanical systems, it has been proven that the "physical/mathematical" component is 0, and the answer you will get out is completely random.
So I disagree with you that people are a good source of randomness. You can ask someone to give you 100,000 random numbers between 0 and 100 and you'll find that the output is very non-random. In my interpretation, this reflects some "laws of the mind" that are totally non-random (the fact that I really "feel" 17 is random, and "1" is not would be one example). That said, if you were able to figure out the physical laws, you can factor those out and get something purely random out. So a physical law of the brain would say that I feel "17" is so random, I will pick it 10% of the time, as opposed to 1%, but whether in a particular run I pick it more or less than exactly 10% will be completely random.
So if you want to find purely random numbers, pick a physical system. Either pick one that has no relationships between it's variables -- these are found mostly in quantum mechanical systems -- and are really completely random, or pick one where you know the physical system perfectly and factor out the predictable physicality to get something random.
But there are truly random entities in math. If you're familiar with the halting problem, the probability that a random program (basically a program that consists of a random 1 or 0 everytime the computer needs some input) is completely random (after the first few digits). But there isn't any way to calculate it, and so it can't be used. Practically, using a formula that isn't random, but for which you can prove it looks random is the best way to go. (You can actually buy a physical random number generator, but unless you are worried about cryptographic stuff, it won't do any better for you than a software RNG, and if it breaks, you might not be able to tell, which isn't a problem with software RNGS).
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My reply was rather tongue in cheek - as much of a comment on the original post as anything. Clearly there are potentially major problems with using this sort of thing to generate random numbers - predictable diurnal variations to do with time-zones and culture shifts come to mind. That said, if we use a good hash function - the hashes of the posts are probably pretty random.
Nathan Addy wrote: you have to define what random means
I agree.
Nathan Addy wrote: for a physical system, there is a "purely mathematical" part, that describes the abstract system. There is also a random part added in though
I don't know what you mean by this - are you simply implying the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, or the uncertainty in your measurement or both?
Nathan Addy wrote: So if, for instance, you expected the velocity at t=1 to equal -g meters/second, you could sample the actual velocity at t=1 and would get a Gaussian out
Why, and why Gaussian?
Nathan Addy wrote: So if you want to find purely random numbers, pick a physical system
I agree, sytems based on thermal noise or shot noise I believe are good examples of this - and seem to be the best types of generators of randomness that we have. Interesting question - are they truly random or is it just that our theories at this stage are not good enough?
Nathan Addy wrote: But there are truly random entities in math. If you're familiar with the halting problem, the probability that a random program (basically a program that consists of a random 1 or 0 everytime the computer needs some input) is completely random
It's been a long time since I studied Turing machines - but you example sounds circular - do you really need random data to generate random output?
Nathan Addy wrote: You can actually buy a physical random number generator, but unless you are worried about cryptographic stuff, it won't do any better for you than a software RNG, and if it breaks, you might not be able to tell, which isn't a problem with software RNGS
I agree - I have done a reasonable amount of Monte-Carlo simulation and the pseudo-random generators these days are pretty good, just don't use the basic rand() function. If I was a bank generating their RSA key I'd probably want something better.
Peter
"Until the invention of the computer, the machine gun was the device that enabled humans to make the most mistakes in the smallest amount of time."
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I was aware of random.org services providing random numbers based on atmospheric
noise. There again, we see that the folks there have (not so surprisingly)
tapped into a natural resource for acquiring true random numbers.
The fact is, using a machine (Pc, if you will) in its puristic sense (i.e. without
temperature or other high-tech sensors for measuring some physical phenomena) cannot
generate true random numbers. PRNGS are good - agreed, they serve the purpose well - agreed,
they exhibit properties of True Random numbers - agreed to some extent from a utilitarian
point of view. but at the end of the day, THEY ARE NOT TRNGs.
Regarding the usage of people for generation of random numbers - If we grab 100 people
(who will obviously unaware of each other), and ask them to select any number between
1 and 100, those numbers will be truly random.
One might argue by saying that there might be a high degree of correlation in the
resulting set, but that too, is a part of randomness. If 20 of those hundred people
choose 50 as their number, why not? We are not following a series/sequence/pattern,
so anything that comes through is acceptable, and truly random. So randomness can
bring in high degrees of correlation, because true randomness is free from all bias.
If I said, "Oh my random set will not have any numbers close to each other", I've
just killed the essence of "true randomness" in it.
A lot of people are yelling by now and frowning when I said 'acceptable'. Most systems
that make use of random numbers for simulation/testing actually require 'disparate',
or 'eclectic' numbers for testing/simulating varied scenarios. The need for 'random'
numbers isn't the exact requirement, because the very definition of 'random' in a
puristic sense is ambiguous (we don't know what God is doing and how he is doing that).
Once again, what most systems these days need is a large(usually), well spaced out
range of data. PRNGs are superb for that, no doubt. But when we consider the behaviour
of such systems, i.e. their responses to different sets of data, let's say, one
PRNG generated set and one TRNG set, and we compare such responses side by side,
we test/simulate the system's ability for real.
In an ideal world, the system responses should be uniform across all sets of data
fed into it.
ASP - AJAX is SEXY. PERIOD.
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Bulky Fellow wrote: a natural resource for acquiring true random numbers
I don't think that atmospheric noise has any purer randomness that other physical sources of noise, in fact I suspect it is probably worse. It is impossible to receive simply 'atmospheric' noise, what your radio picks up is a combination of atmospheric, man-made, thermal and cosmic noise. If you choose a frequency band that has limited propagation characteristics you are listening to noise generated close by - potentially a few sources, in particular possibly a few sources of man-made interference - these often are far from random (car ignition systems etc). If you choose a frequency bad that propagates a long way (generally with the assistance of the ionosphere) then you potentially pick up lots of noise from all around the world - thunderstorms in the tropics are potentially received at the poles. Sounds good - except that there are often multiple propagation paths so you receive the signal and multiple echoes (in-build correlations), and also possibly the signal that goes the long way around the earth! These frequency bands also abound with man-made propaganda transmissions (Voice of America, Radio Peking etc) which are depressingly predictable. What about the dependence on the local weather, say you are getting regular afternoon thunderstorms.
I guess that if you combine it with some other form of randomness, sample the signal at a time driven by a PRBS, or adding some sort of PRBS interleaving, may remove some of the problems.
Based on my current understanding of physics, I think I'd prefer to use thermal noise from a resistor to the type of atmospheric noise receiver described in the article. Much simpler to build, but probably doesn't have the same marketing flair.
Peter
"Until the invention of the computer, the machine gun was the device that enabled humans to make the most mistakes in the smallest amount of time."
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The background is terrible - I gave up reading after a few lines.
Peter
"Until the invention of the computer, the machine gun was the device that enabled humans to make the most mistakes in the smallest amount of time."
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Thanks for the comment.
Try kicking up the text size. (^+ in Mozilla.) I will have to try reading my stuff in IE on a display set well below the 1600x1200 I use on my machine. I use ^+ with many sites. High res, small display 65yo eyeballs....
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I use IE with 1280 x 1024
Peter
"Until the invention of the computer, the machine gun was the device that enabled humans to make the most mistakes in the smallest amount of time."
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Yes any food bill with have a random total independant of item or cost of each item. Bristromatics is its offical name.
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In the classic producer/consumer problem using a bounded buffer, is it typical that a producer signals the consumer immediately after producing an item and adding it to the buffer, or does the producer wait until the buffer has become full, i.e. the producer checks after producing an item to see if the buffer is full, if so, it signals the consumer?
I'm trying to wrap my head around this pattern. In my multithreaded programming book[^], it illustrates the producer/consumer architecture with a picture of a conveyer belt. At one end is the producer putting items on the belt. At the other end is a consumer taking items off the belt.
However, in looking at the accompanying code, it looks as though the producer signals the consumer after each item is produced (I may be misreading the code). If so, it seems to me that there would only be at most one item on the belt [edit] assuming that they work at the same speed [/edit].
I'm basically trying to figure out how there can be multiple objects in the buffer. A typical scenario, I think, would be that the producer places an item in the buffer and signals the consumer. The consumer removes the item from the buffer and, erm, consumes it.
It releases the buffer immediately after removing the item and signals the producer so that the producer can add more items. As the consumer is comsuming the item, the producer, if it is faster than the consumer, can add several items to the buffer. Either the buffer fills up and the producer has to wait, or the consumer finishes consuming the item and removes another from the buffer.
Is this correct?
The above is how my DelegateQueue[^] works, except that it uses an unbounded buffer, which is a little dangerous, I know.
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Hi,
AFAIK the producer/consumer pattern aims at maximum decoupling of producer and consumer,
that means each of them should be given maximum opportunity to work; hence, the
producer should signal its consumer(s) as soon as something becomes available
(=queue not empty), and the consumer should signal its producer(s) when more could
be produced (=queue not full).
One interesting implementation has two queues, an "idle" one with empty buckets,
and a "work" one with full buckets. A producer takes an empty bucket from the idle
queue, fills it and puts it in the work queue; a consumer takes a full bucket from
the work queue, executes it, and returns the empty bucket to the idle queue.
If both queues have equal capacity, this results in a symmetric situation where a
producer gets triggered by idle queue no longer empty, and consumer gets triggered
by work queue no longer empty.
Hope this helps.
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Luc Pattyn wrote: One interesting implementation has two queues, an "idle" one with empty buckets,
and a "work" one with full buckets. A producer takes an empty bucket from the idle
queue, fills it and puts it in the work queue; a consumer takes a full bucket from
the work queue, executes it, and returns the empty bucket to the idle queue.
If both queues have equal capacity, this results in a symmetric situation where a
producer gets triggered by idle queue no longer empty, and consumer gets triggered
by work queue no longer empty.
Very interesting. I had not heard of this approach before.
Luc Pattyn wrote: Hope this helps.
All of your replies to my posts have been helpful, thank you.
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Well, this seems like a basic data structure question that most experienced programmers would know the answer to, but I've been kinda going in circles on it.
If you look at the members of the IList[^] interface, you get the impression that some of these operations would best be implemented using a linked list and others an array. It's as if the interface wants to have its cake and eat it, too.
The ArrayList[^] class uses a resizeable array to implement the interface.
Arrays are great for accessing elements with O(1) efficiency, while linked lists provide O(n) efficiency. However, insertions into the middle of an array will cause you to have to move the subsequent items further down the array. And if you run out of room, the entire array will need to be copied into a larger array. Linked lists don't suffer from this problem.
Seems to me that index access is the only advantage arrays have in this context over linked lists. I've been trying to think of a way to combine the two data structures to get the advantages of both. A binary tree or skip list with index access algorithms seems to be the closest I can get.
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Leslie Sanford wrote: If you look at the members of the IList[^] interface, you get the impression that some of these operations would best be implemented using a linked list and others an array. It's as if the interface wants to have its cake and eat it, too
Well that often happens: an interface hides the possible implementations;
it is rather user oriented, and not implementation oriented.
So it offers what the user may need, and depending on some circumstances you may
choose a different implementation (e.g. a real linked-list if insertion becomes
predominant, a simple array/arraylist if items mainly get replaced/added and/or
order is not important).
If there were one type of list that would make every one happy, then arrays,
arraylists (and the whole IList interface) would have been obsolete for a long time...
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