Use
CASE WNEN... END[
^] statemnt.
SELECT M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6
FROM (
SELECT task_startdate, CASE WHEN task_startdate between getdate() and dateadd(m,1,getdate()) THEN 'M1'
WHEN task_startdate between dateadd(m,1,getdate()) and dateadd(m,2,getdate()) THEN 'M2'
WHEN task_startdate between dateadd(m,2,getdate()) and dateadd(m,3,getdate()) THEN 'M3'
...
END AS MyNote
FROM tasktable
) AS DT
PIVOT(COUNT(task_startdate) FOR MyNote IN([M1], [M2], [M3], [M4], [M5], [M6])) AS PVT