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With no legal justification for any of this, just agreements (often verbal) this is what I do:
I have a large open source library that I often use in whole or in part on contracts. When I use the pieces of my open source code (or anyone else's) I put a clear comment at the top of the file that this code came from whatever repo. I even document code snippets I find on SO that way. So, that's the "past", as it were, as I'm using code I've developed independently, on my own.
Now, I also tend to work for some enlightened contractors - a couple of which I have a long term (20+ year) relationship, so there's a high degree of trust. I tend to separate things into two camps -- general purpose code that is not specific to the contract work, and the rest that is. I don't bill the customer for the general purpose code (though I do bill for the customization for their particular needs, and that code stays with them.) That arrangement is explicitly stated and, particularly when I end up writing an article on the GP code, it's actually appreciated because the client sees the benefits in the peer review here on CP.
Now, for a new client relationship, I don't just blindly do that. I approach the client with the idea of this separation between the GP code and the customer specific code, suggesting the benefits of putting the GP code into the public domain, particularly as it results in peer review and documentation, I'm not billing them for it, and they're already benefiting (sometimes considerably) from the open source community at large and my OS code in specific. I've never had a client disagree with that arrangement, and they appreciate that I come to them with their interests in mind first, requesting permission, essentially.
That said, I usually do contract work for small companies where I'm communicating directly with the owner or decision maker, I'm probably the only developer working for them, or if not, I'm pretty much flying solo on a specific project.
Joan M wrote: What if the customer asks to sign down a document that gives him the ownership of the code?
See Kevin's answer. It also gets more complicated when I'm hired as an employee of a job shop that then contracts me out to a third party. But as a direct contractor, the answer would be "no." The real and separate issue usually tends to be how they can protect the code I write from appearing in the public, and I totally agree with them that that is something that neither they nor I want to see happen, which takes us pretty much into the discussion on general and domain specific code.
There are nuances though -- for example, if I'm using the company's equipment (particularly on site, but it doesn't matter), I'm very careful that anything I do there, frankly, I treat as their code, whether I'm a contractor or an employee. But working remotely, where I can turn the clock off and do my own thing, that's my business.
One suggestion is to put your code out there in the open source community - then you become just another open source resource that the company is most likely using a ton of already.
Marc
Latest Article - Create a Dockerized Python Fiddle Web App
Learning to code with python is like learning to swim with those little arm floaties. It gives you undeserved confidence and will eventually drown you. - DangerBunny
Artificial intelligence is the only remedy for natural stupidity. - CDP1802
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I do very much the same as Marc.
Customers know up front there are two kinds of code they get: Their code and my "library" code. The former is all theirs, and only theirs. Proprietary. The latter is for anyone. The customer can get the newest version years after I worked for them if they want it.
I only deal with people who are not the sort of people who would sue about code, in any case. They have better things to do with their resources.
For my part, I never, ever do contracts for outfits who compete with other outfits I've done contracts with. To me, it would be unethical to do so. Admittedly, "never, ever" doesn't apply to one organization which was and is so big they compete with everybody. In such a case, I must think of the organization as being only the tiny section/business unit I worked with.
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- You should be aware that IP law varies between countries (and also between states in the U.S., for example). Consult a lawyer specialising in IP law!
- For any other issues relating to IP, see point 1.
IP lawyers can be expensive, but if you want to get into contracting, it is money well spent.
Good luck!
If you have an important point to make, don't try to be subtle or clever. Use a pile driver. Hit the point once. Then come back and hit it again. Then hit it a third time - a tremendous whack.
--Winston Churchill
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But, in most cases, you can get a tax deduction for your business.
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First of all, they can't take out your mind so anything you have written can be (more or less) reproduced. Keeping the code is just a bit faster  .
Secondly, there is not a single company that will sue you for writing or using a library that does something "known" like database access or openCV stuff eg.
If there is a unique algorithm involved, even than will they never do something, because it is probably so specific for that problem (and specific for that company) you'll never use it anyway.
So the question of to sue or not to sue is basically answered by asking yourself: Can I market this myself and earn bucket loads of money with it (and create competition)?
Even then I heard that often the judge will rule in favor of the developer.
In summary: in practice this occurs rarely, but it could be helpful to read the contract carefully and put your foot down if you disagree.
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Owning code is like trying to own the wind. There are too many ways to get around that.
Leadership equals wrecked ship.
If you think you are leading my look behind you. You are alone.
If you think I am leading you, You are lost.
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What iv'e found in this day and age, is that vast majority of my clients think I just plug together open source lego bricks anyway.
Unless I'm being asked to participate on a very closed, internal application for a client (EG: an internal tool written for desktop use) then they assume that the code and libraries I use, come from open source.
NuGet/Npm and so on...
So they often don't question me about code ownership, as long as what they get works, at least with web facing projects their usually happy.
As I say though, if it's internal, binary and not for public consumption then there usually is a negotiated contract before either party signs.
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If you are an independent contractor, your work done for another entity that contracts with you belongs to them - they have the intellectual property rights unless something in the written contract says otherwise.
However, a good practice that protects you and allows shareable usage between customers, is to create your own libraries on your own time, then make the use of them a condition of the contract. For example, the entity to whom you contract has the right to use your libraries freely within the application you wrote for them (as they may revise and extend the application over time using other developers), but only that application without paying a licensing fee (which will in reality rarely happen). Normally, they would get a copy of the library's source code at the time the contract is fulfilled, and sign a non-disclosure statement such that they cannot divulge the code to others.
That gives you copyright protection over your libraries, the contracting entity the right to alter your library code for their own use, and possibly create a revenue stream for you by marketing your libraries to other developers.
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As a manufacturing engineer AND application developer, I would compare code to machine design.
What I explain to tooling and equipment suppliers is, if your quote has design (code) charges we (the customer) own the design making it proprietary to us the customer. If you the supplier want to own the design (code) specify in your quote that the design is proprietary and show me, that we the customer, are not paying for design time.
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Very simple it depends on what you have contracted to do.
If there is nothing specific in the contract then you own the code as the author and for many clients that's all they need and expect.
However some clients might insist they own the copyright to the new code, if agreeable get them to pay you well!
If you are working or extending their code - then it could be implied that this is the case - as clearly they own the copyright of the original work and they are paying you in a way analogous to an employee, where they own the copyright by default.
Bottom line - Get the contract right for you and the client and that you both understand it!!!!
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The butthurt levels tend to be quite the same.
* CALL APOGEE, SAY AARDWOLF
* GCS d--- s-/++ a- C++++ U+++ P- L- E-- W++ N++ o+ K- w+++ O? M-- V? PS+ PE- Y+ PGP t++ 5? X R++ tv-- b+ DI+++ D++ G e++>+++ h--- ++>+++ y+++* Weapons extension: ma- k++ F+2 X
* Never pay more than 20 bucks for a computer game.
* I'm a puny punmaker.
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As usual, a useless comparison. For, you see, I added another item to the trending:
Check Here For a Greater Truth![^]
And so what have you learned? (Rhetorical Question, I don't expect much)
| Ravings en masse^ |
|---|
| "The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits." - Albert Einstein | | "If you are searching for perfection in others, then you seek disappointment. If you are seek perfection in yourself, then you will find failure." - Balboos HaGadol Mar 2010 |
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The timeless, ageless Truth[^] of human nature dominates even the Full Truth 
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Jon McKee wrote: The timeless, ageless Truth[^] of male human nature dominates even the Full Truth
And possibly some of the less defined genders.
Never underestimate the power of human stupidity
RAH
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Now you are talking! 
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well to anybody concerned about global warming it's been 100% proved that haemorrhoids are very inconvenient.
At this point would offer you some waterfront property, but Al Gore already bought it.
OK, Naughty, Soapbox but couldn't resist a quick dig.
Sin tack
the any key okay
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Bastard Programmer from Hell 
If you can't read my code, try converting it here[^]
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SMUT . . . The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of !
Yet another of the many great truths I realized and verbalized.
| Ravings en masse^ |
|---|
| "The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits." - Albert Einstein | | "If you are searching for perfection in others, then you seek disappointment. If you are seek perfection in yourself, then you will find failure." - Balboos HaGadol Mar 2010 |
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That reminds me that England has two Great Universities, Oxford and Cambridge. The former is known as the "city of dreaming spires", the latter as the "city of perspiring dreams". 
Bad command or file name. Bad, bad command! Sit! Stay! Staaaay...
AntiTwitter: @DalekDave is now a follower!
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Uhhh....[^] I'm guessing that part on the left was during the Go craze.
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Indeed.
Oddly enough I compared it to 'gay sex', the 'by country' breakdown was very interesting, Libya and Thailand seem to be obsessed with it! LOL!
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As the graph just shows the number of searches over time relative to the peak for that term, this should come as no surprise at all.
"If you don't fail at least 90 percent of the time, you're not aiming high enough."
Alan Kay.
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