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You're right.
Like you said, customers change their mind, either because they just do or because the business itself did, but things change despite its written on a 1000 sheet spec or not.
At the end of the day the customer wants it changed, even agreeing to pay for it, it's up to you to decide how hard it will be for you  .
So what I think is that the software we write must be prepared to handle change in more way than just the user input, we also must prepare it for business change, for scalability, extensibility, etc...
Usually this doesn't mean a whole bunch of extra work, specially if it's design that way right from the beginning.
If the design is right you can start to think about software changes as a way of earning extra money instead of just loosing it! 
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Our customers expect our SW to grow with them, so it is always in the spec that it has to be extensible and so on. They don't specify what that means, or how you test it (you have to be able to test any requirement). We always have that in mind, and it really helps if you assume it from the start.
Anyway, we are supposed to be product based now, so we have to plan from the start the possibility of selling it to someone else, so things like putting button labels in a file instead of hard-coding them, so you can change language.
(I ported a project to Arabic once, that was such fun!)
~~~~~~~ <;,>< ~~~~~~~~~~~
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Translate to Arabic should be fun
I only eard about some of the challenges, like handling dates effectively.
About preparing for change, we're on
Cheers mate
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What I consider to be defensive programming seems somewhat different from some descriptions floating around the internet. If I had to give a short description of what I consider defensive programming I would say "distrust, check, and if checks fail they do so loudly".
I think of defensive programming as two rules to follow while programming:
- A block of code (e.g. function) should never handle external data (e.g. function parameters, data returned from other functions) without strictly checking that the data it receives are know good values. If the checks fail they should fail loudly and the block of code should not touch the data at all.
- A block of code should have its behaviour checked (e.g. check return/result data, unit testing). If the checks fail again they should do so loudly.
I'm a strict follower of the first rule, but I confess that I'm a bit lax in relation to the second, especially regarding unit testing.
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We make safety critical stuff so we have to, and it gets checked. Having said that, you can still write rubbish, but it comes out in the test and integration.
I like to try and write foolproof code. It's a bit of added fun to what could otherwise be boring. I am a badass and dreaded tester, because I have a rough idea where the bodies are going to be buried, having interred a few myself over the last decades. And yes, I have found a few nasties in my own code ... oops
------------------<;,><-------------------
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RedSonja wrote: I like to try and write foolproof code.
So do I, but I also always remember the maxim, "As soon as you idiot-proof the code, along comes another idiot."
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Thank goodness for that, it's what keeps us in work.
~~~~~~~ <;,>< ~~~~~~~~~~~
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Which is rare.
I always try to work out everything the user could possibly do wrong, and code to catch it.
If a user can do something to kill your software than at some point they will.
Defensive programming saves you time later, but requires more time up front cos you need to think about things fully.
Every man can tell how many goats or sheep he possesses, but not how many friends.
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Well said, Chris.
I could not have said it better.
The theory is there, but full application of said theory is impossible, IMHO.
"the meat from that butcher is just the dogs danglies, absolutely amazing cuts of beef." - DaveAuld (2011)
"No, that is just the earthly manifestation of the Great God Retardon." - Nagy Vilmos (2011)
"It is the celestial scrotum of good luck!" - Nagy Vilmos (2011)
"But you probably have the smoothest scrotum of any grown man" - Pete O'Hanlon (2012)
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ChrisElston wrote: I always try to work out everything the user could possibly do wrong, and code to catch it.
I consider that approach to be bad, security wise. Trying to prevent wrong behaviour/data is a flawed strategy and far too frequently fails. A better approach is to only accept know good behaviour/data. Yes, sometimes some good behaviour/data may be blocked but bad behaviour/data will almost certainly also be blocked.
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Isn't it the same thing?
Only this is allowed = everything but this isn't allowed.
Every man can tell how many goats or sheep he possesses, but not how many friends.
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No, it is not.
know bad as in "I always try to work out everything the user could possibly do wrong"
know good != not know bad
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I think I may have explained myself poorly originally.
By everything the user could do I meant all the points in the UI where they enter something rather than all the possible data they could possibly enter.
Basically what I was trying to say was don't assume you know everything a user will try to do.
Every man can tell how many goats or sheep he possesses, but not how many friends.
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I'll have to agree with Pedro.
Say the user ID should not accept spaces or special characters, so you code something to block all spaces and special characters of standard languages.
That will work until you get a Chinese user. Your database is not prepared to accept unicode data and there you go, your application just broke.
Now, if you coded in the first place to accept only [a-z], [A-Z] and [0-9] characters, the chances to fail that validation would disappear.
So yes, there is a difference between allowing the valid and disallowing the invalid. It has a different perspective. Even worse, imagine having to take into account all alphabets from all cultures.
To alcohol! The cause of, and solution to, all of life's problems - Homer Simpson
----
Our heads are round so our thoughts can change direction - Francis Picabia
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They say things like:
"It worked on my machine"
"That's not how you described it"
"That wasn't specified"
"Its not my fault, blame the [insert guilty party]" , e.g. "Spec", "Testers", "Users" .
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beat me to it 
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I use defensive programming;
-by proper unit testing while developing a particular module.
-by proper comment lines (for behavior of respective function/ method) and regions.
and of course, meaningful naming conventions (by which one should easily come to know what's its use) all over in application.
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Apart of Unit Testing, everything on your list is mere maintenance best practices.
Comments and naming conventions won't do any good to your software upon an unexpected input or if it needs to scale.
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One of the principals of testing is to ensure whether a function is robust.
A function is made robust through means of defensive programming.
To the people that doesn't understand what defensive programming is:
An simple example:
bool increment_by_one(unsigned int32* input1)
{
bool status = FALSE;
if (input1 != NULL)
{
*input++;
status = TRUE;
}
else
{
status = FALSE;
}
return status;
}
"Program testing can be used to show the presence of bugs, but never to show their absence."
<< please vote!! >>
modified 14-May-12 5:02am.
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I don't know about it, In the environment I work is to progressive and need fast and prompt development that, We can think of defense.
Read the subject line again.... Its an attack on the defensive programming (what ever it is).
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Why would you want to attack something when you don't have an idea what it is?
Ideological Purity is no substitute for being able to stick your thumb down a pipe to stop the water
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Because that is the natural human reaction.
"What is it?"
"I don't know"
"Let's kill it"
Every man can tell how many goats or sheep he possesses, but not how many friends.
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I thought the natural human reaction was to "poke-it-with-a-stick":
ChrisElston wrote: "What is it?"
"I don't know"
"Let's kill it" "Let's poke it with a stick."
Jack of all trades ~ Master of none.
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JOAT-MON wrote: I thought the natural human reaction was to "poke-it-with-a-stick"
Isn't it to say that God made it this way?
To alcohol! The cause of, and solution to, all of life's problems - Homer Simpson
----
Our heads are round so our thoughts can change direction - Francis Picabia
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