You can use the HTTP clients in Android API to transmit the details to an online server. ASP.NET website or web application is a good online resource where your Android application can share the data on.
The basic documentation for connecting to the network are provided on Android documentation itself,
Connecting to the Network | Android Developers[
^], and chances are that you will understand how to do these communications easily.
You also mention sharing the location, I just had an article, in which application would capture the location and then share it through SMS, you can use HTTP protocol. Read that article here,
Ok Android, Broadcast my location![
^]. The application talks about the methods used to request and capture the location using Location APIs in Android.
You can remove the SMS functionality and instead use the HTTP services to send the data to the web site. ASP.NET web site would handle the request and store the data as required.
HttpURLConnection | Android Developers[
^]